Volcanic tsunamis: Why they are so difficult to predict

The behavior of an earthquake-caused tsunami is familiar – and predictable.Saturday — that’s caused by a volcano? That’s a whole different story.

The risk from a volcanic tsunami may also last longer. After an earthquake, underwater aftershocks may rattle for weeks. But after a volcano, rubble can continue careening into tranquil seas for months, even years. Saturday’s eruption occurred about 5:14 p.m. local time in a, about 5,300 miles southwest of San Francisco. Waves created by the tsunami rolled into Northern California about 12 hours later, coinciding with high tide.

Volcanic tsunamis are relatively rare, with fewer than 100 recorded over the past two centuries. One of the most recent occurred in 2018, when a big chunk of Indonesia’s Anak Krakatau volcanic island collapsed into the ocean, swamping the lowlands of Java and Sumatra and killing about 400 people. But whether a tsunami is generated by a volcano or earthquake, its journey is monitored using identical tools.

DART’s deep underwater sensors, anchored to the ocean floor, sense the pressure changes of water, then send this information via soundwaves to a floating buoy. The buoy sends data, by satellite, to coastal warning centers.

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