A Survey of CO, CO2, and H2O in Comets and Centaurs - IOPscience

1. IntroductionThe physico-chemical conditions in the protosolar nebula varied with distance from the early Sun, which led to the freezing out of volatiles at different distances, and remnants from this early epoch are found in the ices of present-day comets . Numerical models predict that most comets formed throughout a trans-Neptunian region and that gravitational interaction with giant planets moved them into different orbits . Comets are commonly subclassified by their dynamical properties.

Before exploring this difference in CO/CO2 mixing ratios between JFCs and OCCs further for possible formation or physical processing causes, we search for possible solar heating effects since we have data ranging from 1–6 au. 29P is a unique case since it is a Centaur and has a near-circular orbit at ∼6 au and is thus difficult to include in a heliocentric distance analysis. CO2 was only measured once in 29P , so it is not possible to study the mixing ratio's change over time. However, the visible dust coma and CO production rate both show signs of a heliocentric dependence for the quiescent outgassing behavior, as well as a reported correlation of outbursts seen post-perihelion .

In Figure 4 we plotted the CO/CO2 production rate ratios of each OCC observed within 3.5 au as a function of 1/a0. 10 Within 3.5 au, water-ice sublimation proceeds efficiently, and we can assume a quasi-steady-state coma abundance for CO and CO2. We use 3.5 au as the cutoff rather than an even more conservative 2.5 au, because the identity of a CO-dominated or CO2-dominated coma of these comets did not change between 2.5 and 3.5 au, and using 3.

Whether this result that DN comets produce more CO2 than CO at perihelion holds for all Oort Cloud comets can be tested this year with the DN comet C/2017 K2 , which first became active at large distances. CO was detected in K2 at 6.7 au with QCO=1.6 × 1027 molecules/s . K2 has 1/a0=4.4 × 10−5 and thus would be located between C/2006 Q1 and C/1990 K1 on the figure.

The same process was applied to the NEOWISE data, which was also obtained during spring 2010 near when CO was also observed with IRAM. This leads to a ∼3 × 1027 mol s−1. This is ∼eight times lower than the AKARI lower limit in 2009 November and the value we derive from Spitzer in 2010 January, and the mixing ratio is CO/CO2 ∼ 16. Although more CO2 is inferred from the NEOWISE data, they are still consistent with CO2 emission being a minor contributor to 29P's coma.

UCF Formation and evolution from comets is not the real story behind solar system. The human hosting platform/system on earth is not a cosmic accident.

UCF Assumes we know the age of the solar system when Big Bang has died.

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