The eruption was driven by subduction, a process whereby one of Earth’s tectonic plates sinks beneath the edge of another . Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai sits within the “Ring of Fire”, a geological fault line encircling the Pacific. Tongans call the islands afflicted by the region’s frequent earthquakes those which “jump back and forth”.
An eruption in December 2014 filled the gap between the volcano’s two islands with ash, joining them. “The island’s formation also probably seeded its destruction,” says James Garvin, chief scientist at’s Goddard Space Flight Centre. “As it rose from the sea, layers of liquid magma filled a network of chambers beneath it.
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