State management and regulation of extractive industries in the Pan Amazon

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The extractive industries are strategic components of the economy of all Amazonian countries, but their importance varies greatly. Mineral extraction creates tangible economic benefits for a sovereign state. Converting a non-renewable natural resource into money can provide an emerging economy or middle-income country with much-needed financial capital for infrastructure development and poverty reduction.

Of all the Amazonian countries, Brazil has the most diversified economy and is the least reliant on mineral exploitation; nonetheless, it has the largest mining sector and slightly more than 27 % of its total national production of industrial minerals originates in the seven states of the Legal Amazon. Wildcat goldminers, known as garimpeiros, constitute an important economic constituency with significant influence on local and regional political systems.

2) Production sharing agreements are joint ventures between a national oil company and corporations that agree to finance and manage operations in exchange for a proportional share of production within a concession. This model predominates in Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Suriname and Guyana; it is also the model used to manage two of Suriname’s corporate gold mines.

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