operated by sand miners who sell three tonnes of sand for between US$30 and US$50 and pay the children meagre daily wages.the problem in Kenya. The abrupt closure of schools for long periods and parents losing incomes due to business disruption saw children moving into the sand business. At Kaonyweni Secondary School in Kenya's Machakos County, student numbers dropped from 115 to nine between 2019 and 2021, says Maluki. A similar trend was observed in other schools, such as Mbingoni Primary.
Boys who drop out of school get work as assistants to sand loaders. When they turn 18, they become loaders themselves. Research by the ENACT project found that a loader in Kenya can earn a decentDespite the known harms of sand mining, governments in East Africa are yet to finalise regulations Underage girls, whose families pressure them to earn an income from the sand trade, do menial tasks, such as sharpening shovels or selling food to the labourers. They are also lured into commercial sex work, which can result in early pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and sexual violence.mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is rampant in East Africa. Despite the known harms, countries are still in the early stages of developing regulatory frameworks to control sand extraction.
Yusuf says before 2015, when Makueni established its regulatory framework, children were embedded as sand workers, especially in areas such as Kilome and Kikuu. New laws require all sand workers to be 18 years or older and registered through unions, enabling the county inspectorate to order children working on sand harvesting sites to leave. But the policy doesn't stipulate penalties for recruiting children into sand mining, limiting its effectiveness and accountability.
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