The sympathetic nervous system arose in the earliest vertebrates

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The sympathetic nervous system, which enables the fight-or-flight response, was thought to be present only in jawed vertebrates. Analysis of a jawless vertebrate suggests that this system might be a feature of all animals with a spine. Jawless vertebrate has sympathetic neurons.

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser . In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.One of the key innovations that arose in vertebrates was the evolution of a branch of the nervous system called the sympathetic nervous system.

This forms from cells produced by stem cells that originate in a structure called the neural crest. The sympathetic nervous system is associated with the fight-or-flight response and the neurotransmitter signalling molecules adrenaline and noradrenaline.

 

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