The shape of things to come: Different types of microphones and when to use them

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Get to know how types of microphones work so you can pick the perfect one for singing, streaming, podcasting, etc.

—use electrostatic technology to function. In the most common design, a movable metal diaphragm is attached to a fixed metal plate, and both are charged and have electrodes attached. When sound waves hit the diaphragm, it changes the distance between itself and the plate, creating what’s called capacitance and resulting in small voltage changes that mimic the original wave.

Of the three types of microphone designs, condenser mics generally offer the best high-frequency audio reproduction, which makes them the most common choice for capturing the nuances of voices. Their high-end response also allows them to better reproduce transients, the peaks at the beginning of a sound wave. Hand percussion, such as shaker and tambourine, and acoustic guitar, also benefit from accurate transient reproduction.

Many large-diaphragm condensers offer multiple polar patterns, so you can switch among cardioid, omni, and bi-directional. Some even let you customize the polar pattern to fine-tune its directional focus.are technically a form of dynamic microphone but are generally treated as a separate design because they work and sound very different than their traditional counterparts. The ribbon design includes an extended rectangular diaphragm made of thin aluminum with magnets at either end.

The effect is most noticeable on sources with a lot of low-frequency content, such as male voices. Radio personalities have long used the proximity effect to make their voices sound bigger and more authoritative.

 

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