Novel flight style and light wings boost flight performance of tiny beetles - Nature

) remains positive during the entire wingbeat cycle, because low inertia of the wing and high viscous damping of the surrounding air enable continuous energy transfer from the flight apparatus to the wake. No elastic energy storage is required. By contrast, for a membranous wing, the inertial power is similar in peak magnitude to the aerodynamic power. Such a wing requires perfect elastic energy storage to achieve its minimum mean mechanical power of 37 W kg).

At low Reynolds numbers, impermeable membranous wings barely outperform leaky bristled wings in generating aerodynamic force. Thus, the small advantage of using a membranous wing is overweighed by the advantage gained in reducing inertial torques and power by minimizing wing mass.

. Measurements were taken from digital photographs in Autodesk AutoCAD software in ten replications . Body weights and weights of particular body parts were calculated on the basis of three-dimensional reconstructions .The volumes of the petiole and membranous part of the wing were measured using CLSM image-based geometrical models. Uniform cuticle density 1,200 kg m

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