Modern Computing: A Short History, 1945-2022

by Thomas Haigh and Paul E. Ceruzzi. But the selection of key events in the journey from ENIAC to Tesla, from Data Processing to Big Data, is mine.... [+]

1947 Statistician John W. Tukey coins the term “bit” to designate a binary digit, a unit of information stored in a computer.November 1947 At Bell Labs, Walter H. Brattain and John A. Bardeen, under the direction of William B. Shockley, discover the transistor effect, developing and demonstrating a point-contact germanium transistor, later leading to small, low-power electronic devices and eventually low-cost integrated circuits.

Late 1951 The Whirlwind computer, the first real-time high-speed digital computer using random-access magnetic-core memory, becomes operational and is made available for scientific and military research, later leading to the United States Air Forceʼs Semi-Automatic Ground Environment , a continental air-defense system.

1959 Arthur Samuel coins the term “machine learning,” reporting on programming a computer “so that it will learn to play a better game of checkers than can be played by the person who wrote the program.” 1961 The National Machine Accountants Association , established in 1949, is renamed The Data Processing Management Association . In 1997, DPMA was renamed the Association of Information Technology Professionals .

1963 The Institute of Radio Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers merge to form the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . 1965 Edward Feigenbaum, Bruce G. Buchanan, Joshua Lederberg, and Carl Djerassi start working on DENDRAL at Stanford University. The first expert system, it automates the decision-making process and problem-solving behavior of organic chemists, with the general aim of studying hypothesis formation and constructing models of empirical induction in science.

October 1967 At the first ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Larry Roberts presents “Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication,” in which he describes the architecture of the “ARPA net” and argues that giving scientists the ability to explore data and programs residing in remote locations will reduce duplication of effort and result in enormous savings.

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