John Jay College’s Data Collaborative for Justice expands on findings for racial disparities in NYPD criminal summons issuance

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John Jay College’s Data Collaborative expands on its initial findings on NYPD-issued summonses that impact Black and brown New Yorkers.

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Criminal summons differ from desk appearance tickets , which simply instruct individuals to attend a court date and do not detail formal charges. But both eschew pre-arraignment detention, allowing those issued to return to court on their own. That practice “tends to be heavily discretionary” according to the research, just as DATs are,

2022 also marked the first increase this decade in summons issuance, jumping from 22,603 in 2021 to 36,621. While the uptick aligns with the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic, the rising numbers notably exclude any mairjuana enforcement, which made up 29% of criminal summons issued just two years previously; marijuana possession was once a prominent charge, but the drug’s legalization led to no summons for that issued in 2022.

“One of the biggest things that pops out is four of the city’s 77 precincts issued almost 22% of all summonses in 2022, so there’s such a small portion of precincts that are really driving this increase,” said report co-author Anna Stenkamp. “When looking at the neighborhoods based on ZIP codes, you can see that…the top ZIP codes have a majority or plurality Black or Hispanic population.”

 

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