Graveyard DNA Reveals 2,000 Years of Tribal Presence in California

The hills and valleys of Ohlone Regional Wilderness in the Bay Area, viewed from Mission Peak. The DNA of ancient people buried in the San Francisco Bay Area has long waited for the chance to confirm what the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe’s modern-day members already knew: Their ancestors resided there for millennia. Researchers recently reconstructed the ancient genomes, as reported in the, verifying that the tribe’s connection to the area indeed goes back at least 2,000 years.

In the mid-1850s, after California became a state, its governor declared war against Indigenous peoples. The state subsidized militia activity to the and the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe quickly shrank due to colonial violence and other factors. Over time, some of its members had children with non-Indigenous peoples as well.

. One federal case in 2011 denied its petition on the grounds that having descendants of a tribe is not proof that a tribe still exists: “The Muwekma thus needs to demonstrate it did not cease to exist after 1927,” U.S. District Judge Reggie Walton wrote in aIn 2014, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, hoping to build in an area where earlier surveys had found fragments of human remains, helped fund research to learn more about the graves believed to exist there.

Unsurprisingly, the researchers confirmed that individuals across the two villages had shared genes — but they still wondered at the genetic connection to modern-day Muwekma Ohlone Tribe members, if there was a connection at all. To find out, Malhi and his colleagues ran genetic analyses on saliva samples from eight living members of the tribe.

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