Daniel Piper is Creative Bloq’s Senior News Editor. As the brand’s Apple authority, he covers all things Mac, iPhone, iPad and the rest. He also reports on the worlds of design, branding and tech.
Daniel joined Future in 2020 after working in copywriting and digital marketing with brands including ITV, NBC, Channel 4 and more. Outside of Future, Daniel is a global poetry slam champion and has performed at festivals including Latitude, Bestival and more. He is the author of Arbitrary and Unnecessary: The Selected Works of Daniel Piper .
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Sensitivity of the NIH Toolbox to Detect Cognitive Change in Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental DisabilityObjective: Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) experience protracted cognitive development compared to typical youth. Sensitive measurement of cognitive change in this population is a critical need for clinical trials and other intervention studies, but well-validated outcome measures are scarce. This study’s aim was to evaluate the sensitivity of the NIH-Toolbox Cognitive Battery (NIHTB-CB) to detect developmental changes in groups with ID – fragile X syndrome (FXS), Down syndrome (DS), and other intellectual disability (OID) — and to provide further support for its use as an outcome measure for treatment trials. Methods: We administered the NIHTB-CB and a reference-standard cross-validation measure (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, SB5) to 256 individuals with FXS, DS, and OID (ages 6-27 years). After two years of development, we retested 197 individuals. Group developmental changes in each cognitive domain of the NIHTB-CB and SB5 were assessed using latent change score models, and two-year growth was evaluated at three age points (10, 16, and 22 years). Results: Overall, effect sizes of growth measured by the NIHTB-CB tests were comparable to or exceeded those of the SB5. The NIHTB-CB showed significant gains in almost all domains in OID at younger ages (10 years), with continued gains at 16 years and stability in early adulthood (22 years). The FXS group showed delayed gains in attention and inhibitory control compared to OID. The DS group had delayed gains in receptive vocabulary compared to OID. Unlike the other groups, DS had significant growth in early adulthood in two domains (working memory and attention/inhibitory control). Importantly, each group’s pattern of NIHTB-CB growth across development corresponded to their respective pattern of SB5 growth. Conclusion: The NIHTB-CB is sensitive to developmental changes in individuals with ID. Comparison with levels and timing of growth on the cross-validation measure shows that the NIH
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