By Bhavna KavetiAug 8 2022Reviewed by Susha Cheriyedath, M.Sc. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, applied in targeted drug delivery strategies, combine the intrinsic advantages of synthetic nanoparticles and cell membranes. Although stem cell-based delivery systems were highlighted for their targeting capability in tumor therapy, inappropriate stem cells may promote tumor growth.
Furthermore, the clinical applications of induced pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells were investigated as membrane-camouflaged targeted delivery systems for their anti-tumor therapies. In concurrence, the stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles have immense prospects in tumor therapy.
Stem cells can be easily isolated and used as drug delivery systems for tumor therapy. Stem cell-based delivery systems have inflammation or tumor lesions targeting capacity. However, stem cells are often entrapped in the lung due to their size, resulting in microembolism. Previous reports mentioned the preparation of doxorubicin loaded, poly coated MSC membrane-based nanovesicles, which showed higher cellular uptake than their PLGA uncoated counterparts. Similarly, the DOX-loaded MSC membrane-coated gelatin nanogels showed enhanced storage stability and sustained drug release.
These cell membrane-coated nanoparticles showed high cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility . Moreover, the [email protected]2 nanoparticles-based PDT therapy under 980-nanometer laser irradiations could inhibit the tumors in vivo and in vitro. Consequently, the stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles had circulation for an extended time and escaped the immune system, thereby increasing their accumulation at the tumor site.
Conclusion Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles helped fabricate various targeted delivery strategies. Especially, stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles have the following advantages: stem cells are easy to isolate and expand in vitro. Thus, multilineage potential and phenotypes could be preserved for more than 50 population doublings in vitro.
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A projection-domain low-count quantitative SPECT method for α-particle emitting radiopharmaceutical therapySingle-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provides a mechanism to estimate regional isotope uptake in lesions and at-risk organs after administration of &x03B1;-particle-emitting radiopharmaceutical therapies (&x03B1;-RPTs). However, this estimation task is challenging due to the complex emission spectra, the very low number of detected counts ( 20 times lower than in conventional SPECT), the impact of stray-radiation-related noise at these low counts, and the multiple image-degrading processes in SPECT. The conventional reconstruction-based quantification methods are observed to be erroneous for &x03B1;-RPT SPECT. To address these challenges, we developed a low-count quantitative SPECT (LC-QSPECT) method that directly estimates the regional activity uptake from the projection data (obviating the reconstruction step), compensates for stray-radiation-related noise, and accounts for the radioisotope and SPECT physics, including the isotope spectra, scatter, attenuation, and collimator-detector response, using a Monte Carlo-based approach. The method was validated in the context of three-dimensional SPECT with 223Ra, a commonly used radionuclide for &x03B1;-RPT. Validation was performed using both realistic simulation studies, including a virtual clinical trial, and synthetic and 3D-printed anthropomorphic physical-phantom studies. Across all studies, the LC-QSPECT method yielded reliable regional-uptake estimates and outperformed the conventional ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM)-based reconstruction and geometric transfer matrix (GTM)-based post-reconstruction partial-volume compensation methods. Further, the method yielded reliable uptake across different lesion sizes, contrasts, and different levels of intra-lesion heterogeneity. Additionally, the variance of the estimated uptake approached the Cram&x00E9;r-Rao bound-defined theoretical limit. In conclusion, the proposed LC-QSPECT method demonstrated the ability to perform reliable quanti
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