Scientists explore antigenic imprinting in SARS-CoV-2

By Nidhi Saha, BDSJul 12 2022Reviewed by Aimee Molineux The tendency of the body's immune system to selectively use immunological memory, based on a past infection whenever a variant of a pathogen is encountered, is referred to as ‘antigenic imprinting’.

Background The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 at the end of 2019 has precipitated the ongoing global pandemic. It is now known that previous seasonal coronavirus infections inhibit the development of immunoglobin G and IgM against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting immunological imprinting from other beta coronaviruses. Yet, the potential range, effects, and processes of antigenic imprinting in exposure to multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants are only beginning to be uncovered.

Of note, Omicron emergence had initially prompted the development of mRNA vaccines based on the Omicron sequence to facilitate additional benefits when administered as a booster or as a primary vaccination dose. However, a significant difference could not be observed in macaque trials––that compared the booster doses with an ancestral wild-type mRNA vaccine targeting the Omicron or Beta mRNA vaccines––concerning the neutralization titer or disease protection.

The study and findings Related StoriesA recently published study in Clinical and Translational Medicine compared monoclonal RBD antibody responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant infections to antibodies induced by the ancestral virus in immunologically naive subjects. It was observed that most Beta-elicited mAbs – isolated from memory B cells, did not bind the ancestral strain, whereas others potently neutralized the Beta, the ancestral strain, and other VOCs.

Other reports suggested that antibodies preferred recognizing and neutralizing the original SARS-CoV-2 strain in the initial stages, suggesting that vaccine-induced memory B cells were activated early on.

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