New scientific instruments probe the limits of the known

universe made of? Where has it come from? And how will it end? These questions have occupied the minds of generations of physicists who have probed the limits of the big and the small.

At the cosmic end, astronomers will get a big new piece of kit in the coming year. The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is due to achieve “first light” in October 2022 as it prepares to begin its science observations in 2023. Every night, from a mountain-top in Chile, its instruments will take 15-second exposures of patches of the night sky that are 40 times bigger than a full moon.

This will allow scientists to tackle big questions such as the nature of dark energy—the mysterious substance that seems to push the universe apart. Given that it accounts for around 70% of the stuff in the cosmos, it is a giant hole in astronomers’ knowledge.will tackle the dark energy problem in several ways. One strategy will be to measure the expansion of the universe in more detail than ever before.

The physicists peering at the other end of the cosmic scale already have their instrument—the Large Hadron Collider , an enormous particle accelerator situated on the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva. By smashing protons together at nearly the speed of light and sorting through the mess of particles created in the collisions, physicists try to probe the building blocks of matter.

Understanding the Higgs boson in more detail could open a door into a new realm of physics. Scientists do not really know much about it. Is it truly elementary with no internal structure or is it a composite of smaller particles ? Is it really the Higgs boson predicted by the Standard Model, or is it actually a different particle from an undiscovered theory?will help scientists crack some of those open questions—in particle physics, and in cosmology, too.

The telescope's name holding it back?

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