within a month of September 11th that it would be almost 20 years before the last American troops would finally leave the country?and Osama bin Laden, the terrorist group and its leader blamed for planning and carrying out the attacks, and deny them the base from which they had operated. Prime Minister Tony Blair was a key ally of the US in offering military support.
That the"war on terror" encompassed the far more controversial invasion of Iraq - in the supposed hunt for stocks of weapons of mass destruction that were never found - would cost a further 4,500 American military lives, some 179 British and 100,000 Iraqi. A million Americans served in Iraq. Before September 11th, not only did the Transportation Security Administration not exist but airport security was a pale shadow of the operation we see today. Fewer than 10% of checked bags were screened back then.
But as previously-unseen threats manifest, so too have security measures. Things that could be used as a weapon, like blades, were banned. Shoes had to be removed, a move that followed the failed shoe bomb attack in 2001, and electronics received extra screening.The limit on liquids which could be used to make a bomb have been accepted, sometimes grudgingly, by passengers along with those growing queues and the need to arrive earlier at the airport.
Opponents say it was the birth of a"mass surveillance regime", expanding powers to carry out electronic searches without court orders and property searches without someone's consent or even knowledge. A quarter of Americans, though, did say they had changed the way they used technology in the wake of the Snowden revelations.
But it initially appeared the backlash against the Muslim community that everyone had feared could be averted. A survey by Pew Research in 2007 found that half of Americans believe that Islam is"not part of mainstream American society", but that view was held by 68% of Republicans and just 37% of Democrats.It is one very visible testament to the impact of September 11th on every street in America
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