'Sharding is the future of Ethereum scalability, and it will be key to helping the ecosystem support many thousands of transactions per second and allowing large portions of the world to regularly use the platform at an affordable cost', VitalikButerin.
Sharding is one of the more misunderstood concepts in the Ethereum ecosystem and in blockchain ecosystems more broadly. It refers to a very specific set of ideas with very specific properties. It often gets conflated with techniques that have very different and often weaker security properties. The best way to describe sharding starts from the Scalability Trilemma.
The easiest version of sharding to understand is sharding through random sampling. Sharding through random sampling has weaker trust properties than the forms of sharding that we are building towards in the Ethereum ecosystem, but it uses simpler technology. . We randomly shuffle the validator list, and we assign the first 100 validators in the shuffled list to verify the first block, the second 100 validators in the shuffled list to verify the second block, etc. A randomly selected group of validators that gets assigned to verify a block is called aWhen a validator verifies a block, they publish a signature attesting to the fact that they did so.
Frequently Asked Question: How is Splitting into 100 Committees Different From Splitting into 100 Separate Chains?The random sampling prevents the attacker from concentrating their power on one shard
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