Let us get a handle on Biac-na-Bato, that tangled network of caves and rivers in San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan, 42 kilometers away from the Barasoain Church of Malolos. President Manuel Quezon declared it a national park in 1937 because of historic events that unfolded there. In 1897, a battle-weary revolutionary army headed by General Emilio Aguinaldo trekked to Biac-na-Bato for much needed respite.
Apparently, belligerency was in vogue in the 19th century especially during a series of independence wars waged against Spain by its South American colonies. In 1861, during the US civil war, President Abraham Lincoln granted belligerent status to the Confederacy.
Governor-General Primo de Rivera was desperate for a solution to end the Philippine revolution; the queen regent’s cabinet was threatening a recall. Spain was up to its ears with conflicts in the kingdom’s three remaining colonies – Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Enter Pedro A. Paterno, a courtly, wealthy ilustrado, the maguinoo of Quiapo, who offered his services as negotiator to the Governor-General.
Paterno would probably not have found Aguinaldo without the Biac-na-Bato set up. The latter convened his field officers to weigh the advantages of peace overtures and continued warfare. The majority agreed to surrender in exchange for pardon and money, except for Generals Paciano Rizal and Miguel Malvar who exhorted everyone to continue with the armed struggle. The meeting became stormy, said Prof.
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