Planetary interiors in TRAPPIST-1 system could be affected by solarflares universetoday AAS_Office
1. IntroductionStellar flares are among the few observables that allow us to look into the dynamics and evolution of planetary systems and hosting stars. The majority of energetic flares from the Sun are associated with coronal mass ejections , and recent modeling and observations suggest the same holds for other stars .
To first order, the amplification effect of an intrinsic magnetosphere can be quantified by using the relation between interplanetary magnetic field and the disturbance storm time index for Earth . The Dst index is a proxy for the strength of the global magnetospheric ring current, describing the horizontal magnetic field induced by an axially symmetric part of the ring current as observed on Earth's surface .
Randomly generated flares of a given energy are assumed to be associated with CME events. These events are propagated to the planet and the ICME magnetic field strength, MICME, is calculated following the flux-rope model of Samara et al. . The peak external magnetic field strength at a planet is then obtained as
The presented formalism allows us to express any external time-varying magnetic field, that reaches a planet, in terms of an equivalent current density. Therefore, the time series of coefficients in conjunction with spherical harmonic functions offer a consistent way to impose an arbitrary spatiotemporal external forcing. Every external coefficient represents an independent inducing mode that contributes to the total inducing and induced currents.
which defines a probability of an event with an energy . A log–log plot of versus Eflare is commonly used to visualize the flare frequency distribution. Once Emin and α are constrained through observations , we can reproduce the flaring activity of a star by sampling from the distribution ) over a given period of time.
Appendix D: Induction HeatingMultiplying Equations and by E and H , respectively, and subtracting yieldswhich expresses the rate of change of EM energy in a volume V. The first term on the right-hand side defines the energy radiated away through the surface of a planet. The second term represents the amount of energy dissipated within the volume . Physical variables in Equation are time-varying functions of space.
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