How scientists detected differences in the brains of men and women for the first time

This breakthrough has not been universally welcomed, particularly on the basis that it can/will be used to bolster biological determinism. Photograph: Getty Images

Neural networks used in AI are inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. The Stanford researchers created a deep neural network model and trained it to classify brain imaging fMRI data by showing it very many brain scans, each pre-identified as male or female. The model learned to notice subtle differences between men’s and women’s brains. The model was then tested on 1,500 brain scans where it was not told the sex of the individual scans in advance.

She illustrated her point by describing how brain scans of musicians can tell whether they are keyboard players or stringed-instrument players – your brain reflects the life you have lived. And, since there is no doubt society treats men and women differently, starting with “pink for a girl, blue for a boy”, this could explain differences in brain organisation.

The brain is so dominantly part of our higher selves that we understandably would hope to be able to wilfully influence its development and capacity over time and not be presented at birth with a completely hard-wired organ whose performance is unresponsive to our best efforts for improvement.

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