Kent McNeil: Pipeline protests and the rule of law

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OPINION: If we are ever to achieve reconciliation in this country, we have to accept that Canadian law is not the only applicable law.

The arrest of Wet’suwet’en and their supporters opposed to the Coastal GasLink pipeline is just the latest episode in a long story. Settlers have been taking Indigenous land — often without consent — since the moment Europeans set foot in North America. This has to stop.

But can this taking even be justified under Canadian law? In the 2004 Haida Nation case, the Supreme Court distinguished situations where Aboriginal title has been established by a court case or agreement from situations where it has not. Although the Haida had not yet established their title, B.C. still had to consult them before granting forestry licences on Haida Gwaii. But Haida consent was not necessary, as long as adequate consultation and appropriate accommodation took place.

The test for justifiable infringement was created by the Supreme Court in Sparrow in 1990. The government first has to prove a compelling and substantial legislative objective for the infringement. If it gets over that hurdle, it has to demonstrate that it consulted with the titleholders, is infringing their rights as little as possible in the circumstances, and has offered compensation.

What if adequate consultation with the hereditary chiefs takes place and they still refuse to consent to the pipeline? As a matter of Canadian law, construction can go ahead because they don’t have a veto. But in all likelihood, the pipeline will cross lands to which the Wet’suwet’en do have title, which the pipeline will have infringed. What then? In Tsilhqot’in Nation, the court said consent should be sought before any infringement of Aboriginal title.

 

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