Computational environments and the tools to manage them can help researchers to deliver code that is reproducible, documented and shareable.
Research software is like the tower-building game Jenga — tools atop tools atop tools. When developers tweak their individual pieces, this can change the function of the software that depends on them, potentially altering results — or causing the software to fail.
Among other things, that kind of variability can complicate collaboration . In 2020, Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel was working with another author on a statistics textbook, using R and a formatting language called R Markdown to calculate numbers, create figures and format the final document.
To highlight these differences, we created scripts and environments for Python 2.7, Python 3.11, R 3.6 and R 4.2 . Following the instructions , install conda. Then, open a terminal window, run the set-up script and execute run.sh. You should see the code working correctly in one environment but not in the other. For instance, although the R script behaves as intended in R 4.2 — it changes the gender of a study subject — it does something unexpected in R 3.6.
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