Sponsored: Security concerns for ZK proofs in blockchain: Overview by NumenCyber ZKP
Zero-knowledge proof systems require both the ‘Prover’ and ‘Verifier’ to construct and verify a proof of the original problem using logical circuits. With the increasing adoption of ZKP-based Layer 2 protocols like zkSync and Scroll, and public chains like Filecoin and Aleo that rely on transaction witnesses, combined with the growing number of anonymous coin projects built on ZKP, the integration of ZKP and blockchain presents complex security challenges.
If a proof system lacks completeness, it may fail to provide correct proof under extreme conditions, resulting in a denial-of-service state. If a proof system lacks soundness, attackers can forge proofs or create special proof structures to deceive verifiers, leading to severe permission bypass issues.
For example, during the 2018 Zcash Sapling upgrade, a circuit design flaw was identified that could have allowed for the unlimited counterfeiting of ZEC tokens. Although this vulnerability was not exploited, it highlights the potential seriousness of circuit design errors in ZKP systems.The correctness and security of a ZKP circuit relies heavily on the proper implementation of cryptographic primitives, including hash functions, encryption algorithms, and more.
This issue is not unique to ZKP-proof systems, as evidenced by the vulnerability in BNB Chain's Merkle tree validation primitives, which resulted in a loss of $586 million. It is crucial for developers to pay close attention to the implementation of cryptographic primitives and regularly audit their code to ensure the security of their systems.Zero-knowledge proof typically relies on a random number generator to generate random numbers.
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