This research compares implementation systems similar to Ethereum and analyzes the difficulties and possibilities of achieving parallel execution of transaction - sin7y parallelexecutions
It’s worth noting that the chains analyzed for this research are based on the Account model design scheme, not including the UTXO scheme.FISCO-BCOS, one of the consortium blockchains that support parallel execution of transaction verification within blocks.Aptos public chain, Move Virtual Machine.Let’s take a look at the traditional transaction execution process.
The experimental results of the benchmark test program show that compared with the traditional serial transaction execution scheme, PTE running on a 4-core processor under ideal conditions can achieve about 200%~300% performance improvement, and the computational improvement is proportional to the number of cores.An acyclic-directed graph is often referred to as Directed Acyclic Graph .
After the block is verified, the block is uploaded to the chain. After a transaction is executed, if the state of each node is consistent, a consensus is reached and the block is then written to the underlying storage, which is permanently recorded on the blockchain.Take all the transactions in the block from the packed block.Read all transactions in order. Should a transaction be mergeable, resolve its conflict field and check whether any previous transactions conflict with it.
It is well known that the order of execution between instructions executed in parallel on different CPU cores cannot be predicted in advance, and the same is true for transactions executed in parallel. When transactions are executed in parallel and out of order, the traditional calculation of state root is no longer applicable because transactions are executed in a different order on different machines and the final state root is not guaranteed to be consistent, nor is the receipt root guaranteed to be consistent.
In a simple transfer transaction, we can judge whether two transactions are dependent based on the addresses of the sender and receiver. Take the following three transfer transactions as an example, A→B, C→D, and D→E. In this scenario, the three transactions are all related, so they cannot be executed in parallel. If the transactions are divided according to the previous dependency analysis method, it is bound to cause mistakes.
The executor will automatically arrange all the transactions in the block into the transaction DAG according to the transaction dependencies specified by the developer. The developer must be very careful when specifying transaction dependencies. If the dependencies are not written correctly, the consequences are unpredictable.In order for developers to use the framework of parallel contracts, FISCO BCOS has set some specifications for contract writing. The specifications are as follows:Whether two transactions can be executed in parallel depends on whether the two transactions are mutually exclusive.
To determine whether two transactions can be executed in parallel at the same time is to determine whether the mutex of two transactions intersects. Transactions whose intersections are empty can be executed in parallel.
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