In late October, the white-supremacist movement acquired a figurehead of sorts, a Wilmington lawyer and former congressman named Alfred Moore Waddell. Zucchino has discovered that, as a lawyer, Waddell defended lynchers, and that, while serving on a congressional committee investigating the Ku Klux Klan, he hosted the leader of the North Carolina Klan in his home.
Waddell was chosen to act as chairman of the meeting. That evening, he summoned thirty-two prominent African-Americans, read them the declaration, and demanded a reply by seven-thirty the next morning. The black leaders conferred in a barber shop, and one of them, a lawyer, wrote a reply. A surviving draft disavows responsibility for Manly and promises to “use our influence to have your wishes carried out.
It’s all but impossible to reconstruct the sequence of the violence that followed, though Zucchino marshals the evidence expertly. Waddell claimed that he marched the whites back to the armory peacefully, but a newspaper reported that some of them boarded streetcars and rode around town, firing their guns as they passed through black neighborhoods.
That afternoon, Waddell commanded Wilmington’s mayor, police chief, and aldermen to report to the city offices at Thalian Hall, which were soon overrun with white rioters. The mayor resigned. The police chief briefly tried to hold out for the salary he was owed, but, after a warning that his personal safety could not be guaranteed, he resigned, too. The aldermen resigned one by one so that, as they went, the remainder could elect a white-supremacist replacement slate.
If you’ve never heard of the Wilmington coup before, one reason may be that white writers quickly framed it as a necessary and legal upsurge of democratic spirit. “It was not adeclared. “It was simply the unanimous uprising of the white people.” Waddell made the coup sound like a flowering of common sense and bonhomie: “The good old Anglo-Saxon way of waiting until government becomes intolerable, and then openly and manfully overthrowing it is for the best.
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