Smallpox vaccines can protect against monkeypox, and U.S. has 100 million doses

. So it’s unsurprising that smallpox spurred some of the earliest vaccination practices in human history.

Later, safer smallpox vaccines that relied on other poxviruses were developed. After a global campaign, the WHO in 1980 declared that smallpox had been eradicated — a triumph of public health. Since the turn of the millennium, the U.S. government has spent more than $1 billion to develop and stockpile the Jynneos smallpox vaccine.

Jynneos is made from a modified, nonreplicating form of the vaccinia virus, which is part of the same family as monkeypox and smallpox., relies on a live vaccinia virus that can replicate. But it brings a risk of side effects, especially for people with eczema or conditions that suppress their immune system. So Jynneos' nonreplicating formulation could offer a safer option for those at heightened risk of vaccine-related complications.

In addition, the monkeypox virus doesn’t mutate rapidly like a coronavirus. Coronaviruses are encoded in RNA, while poxviruses are DNA viruses. When DNA viruses replicate, they have more sophisticated proofreading components. To quell the new monkeypox outbreaks, public health leaders are likely to look to the past. Smallpox was controlled through mass vaccination and with a so-called ring strategy, in which people who were contacts of those with smallpox got vaccines.

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