First described in 2016, base editing is already en route to the clinic: Beam Therapeutics, founded by Liu and also based in Cambridge, got the nod in November from the US Food and Drug Administration to trial this approach in humans for the first time, with the goal of repairing the gene that causes sickle-cell disease.
Adeno-associated viruses are the vehicle of choice for many gene-therapy efforts, and animal studies have shown that careful selection of the right virus combined with tissue-specific gene promoters can achieve efficient, organ-restricted delivery. Viruses are sometimes challenging to manufacture at scale, however, and can elicit immune responses that undermine efficacy or produce adverse events.
In 2016, researchers led by Joakim Lundeberg at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm devised a strategy to overcome this problem. The team prepared slides with barcoded oligonucleotides — short strands of RNA or DNA — that can capture messenger RNA from an intact tissue slice, such that each transcript could be assigned to a particular position in the sample according to its barcode.
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