As billions of dollars pour into quantum computing and countries build communication networks secured by quantum encryption, the prominence of quantum information science has become increasingly hard to ignore.
The Breakthrough Prizes were co-founded by Israeli-Russian billionaire and physicist Yuri Milner in 2012, and they have been lavishly supported by other moguls, including co-founders Mark Zuckerberg and Sergey Brin. Similar to Alfred Nobel, whose Nobel Prize–funding fortune arose from his invention of dynamite, Milner’s past financial ties to the Kremlin have drawn scrutiny, especially in light of Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine.
Before Wiesner left Columbia, he passed along some of his ideas to another young researcher. “One of my roommates’ boyfriends was Stephen Wiesner, who started telling me about his ‘quantum money,’” Bennett recalls. “[It] struck me as interesting, but it didn’t seem like the beginning of a whole new field.
Chatting with Bennett later that year, Deutsch experienced a crucial epiphany: then prevailing computational theory was based on the wrong physics—the “classical” mechanics of Isaac Newton and the relativistic approach of Albert Einstein rather than the deeper quantum reality. “So I thought I’d rewrite the theory of computation, basing it on quantum theory instead of basing it on classical theory,” Deutsch says matter-of-factly. “I didn’t expect anything fundamentally new to come out of it.
Two years later, when Bennett, Brassard, Josza, computer science researcher Claude Crépeau, and physicists Asher Peres and William Wootters proposed quantum teleportation, physicists were paying attention. The new technique would give one party the ability to transmit information, such as the result of a coin flip, to another via entanglement, the quantum correlation that can link objects such as electrons.
Although Shor had found a powerful use case for a quantum computer, he had not solved the harder problem of how to build one—even in theory. The fragile quantum states such devices could exploit to surpass classical computing also made them extremely vulnerable to errors. Moreover, error correction strategies for classical computers could not be used in quantum computers.
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