The ancient ancestors of penguins gained their ability to swim at the expense of flight, engineers found.
All birds are naturally fairly buoyant -- they need superior swimming abilities to overcome this buoyancy and propel themselves downward. So it takes a good swimmer to dive more deeply. The researchers applied their calculations to the species known as the little penguin. These birds are thought to be the type of penguin with the shallowest diving distance, able to descend to about 65 meters.
"[Little penguins] are kind of outgunned in terms of dive speed and efficiency by some of the alcids," Dabnichki said. He added that this isn't necessarily surprising given that alcids boost their depth by divebombing from the air. While the researchers didn't calculate the numbers for larger penguins, other published data shows that emperor penguins can out-dive Brünnich's guillemots. In fact, they can out-dive nuclear submarines, Dabnichki said.
Dabnichki said that long, fragile wings aren't as efficient while flapping in the water. The wings of penguins are broader and more finlike. Most of the alcids that swim well don't even extend their wings fully while propelling themselves under the surface.Clarke said that fossil evidence shows us that penguins lost their ability to fly about 60 million years ago.
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