concentration was calculated as the arithmetic mean of five annual concentration values, from 2011 to 2015. This information was used to develop separate dependent variables to address each of our two research objectives. Tract-level mean values of PMconcentration were used for the tract-level analysis. For the PHD-level analysis, the average annual PMconcentration around each housing development was estimated using values from the block group in which their geographic coordinates were located.
. In 2015, the total number of people residing in PHDs was about 2.24 million—higher than those living in any other type of HUD-assisted multifamily project-based rental housing.Picture of Subsidized Households. For each PHD, this database provides locational coordinates, number of occupied and unoccupied units, socio-demographic characteristics of resident households, and other relevant details.
To control for tract-level socio-demographic characteristics, we used variables from the 2015 ACS five-year estimates that have been found to be significantly related to PM
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