A Job for Life, or Not? A Class Divide Deepens in Japan

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TOKYO -- For more than a decade, Setsuko Hikita spent her working days selling snacks and newspapers in the bowels of Tokyo's bustling metro system.Amid the chaos of morning commutes and the scramble to catch the last train home, she kept her employers' tiny kiosks a haven of well-ordered commerce. Her company once awarded her a citation for her dedication and hard work.What it did not give her was equal pay.Sign up for The Morning newsletter from the New York TimesOver a 10-year period, Hikita earned about $90,000 less than many of her co-workers, and she was denied benefits like a retirement allowance. It wasn't because they had more experience or were more competent. It was just that they had lifetime employment status and she did not.So Hikita sued. Last month, after more than six years, the country's Supreme Court rendered a verdict: Her employer was under no obligation to provide her with the same retirement allowance -- a lump-sum payment on leaving the company -- it gave colleagues who did identical work.The ruling is one of two recent court decisions that threaten to further entrench the long-standing divide in Japan between so-called regular workers, who have lifetime employment and attendant benefits, and the growing ranks of nonregular workers, many of whom are women.The effects of these divisions have been especially pronounced during the coronavirus pandemic. When Japan's economy faced its worst months in late spring and early summer, companies cut loose tens of thousands of nonregular workers, with women bearing the brunt of the job losses. Many regular employees were put on furlough, retaining their positions.Concerns about the precarious state of nonregular workers long predate the pandemic.Employers have for years chipped away at the system of lifetime employment that evolved in Japan after World War II, arguing that increased flexibility to hire and fire employees will increase economic efficiency. Now, nearly 37% of the country's labor force, or

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