In Cairo, in the 1010s, the Basra-born polymath Hasan Ibn al-Haytham wrote his masterwork, the Book of Optics, but it took two centuries for his insights to be translated beyond Arabic.Hasan Ibn al-Haytham is often referred to as"the father of modern optics"
Before Haytham, optical devices had been cumbersome: the Roman writer Seneca magnified text using a clear glass bowl of water. But the gradual spread of knowledge inspired new ideas. Some time in the late 1200s came the world's first pair of reading glasses. In 1291, the city's authorities banished the entire trade to the neighbouring island of Murano. By 1301,"eyeglasses for reading" were popular enough to feature in the rulebook of the Guild of Venetian Crystal Workers.
As we age, it becomes harder to focus on close-up objects; middle-aged monks, scholars, notaries and merchants were simply out of luck. Friar Giordino was 50. One can imagine why he appreciated his spectacles so much.
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